Hoffman Modulation Contrast Microscopy
Hoffman modulation contrast is an oblique illumination technique that enhances contrast in both stained and unstrained specimens by detection of optical phase gradients. This section includes discussions of transmitted and reflected light applications using Hoffman modulation contrast and links to interactive Java tutorials designed to aid in understanding the technique. Also included are virtual microscopes and an image gallery of photomicrographs made using modulation contrast either alone or in combination with other illumination mechanisms.
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Hoffman Modulation Contrast Microscopy
Hoffman Modulation Contrast Basics
The featured section serves as an introduction to the basic concepts in modulation contrast microscopy with numerous illustrations and examples of how the technique is implemented.
Troubleshooting Hoffman Modulation Contrast
Problems with proper slit alignment between the condenser and the objective modulator are the most common source of errors with modulation contrast microscopy.
Hoffman Modulation Contrast Image Gallery
Modulation contrast illumination produces a pseudo three-dimensional effect that can be used in combination with other illumination techniques to achieve spectacular images.